Part 1

Infant Behavior and Attachment
The Strange Situation was one method devised to assess infant attachment, and this method has been empirically demonstrated to correlate to numerous outcomes. However, some have asked if this is an appropriate method in a culture where parenting practices differ from the U.S. and if the strange situation is less stressful for children in daycare who are regularly separated from their parents (Clarke-Stewart, Goossens, & Allhusen, 2001).

CONSIDER THESE QUESTIONS:

1. What behaviors in what kind of situations would you associate with secure attachment?

2. What behaviors in what kind of situations would you associate with insecure attachment?

3. Is Healthy Attachment threatened by Mothers/Caregivers working outside of the home?

____________________________

FEEL FREE TO REFER TO YOUR DISCUSSION ARTICLE

California Attachment Procedure (CAP) (Clarke-Stewart, Goossens, & Allhusen, 2001). This method assessed attachment while the mother was still in the room by observing both child and parent behavior in response to three stress-inducing situations: a mysterious loud noise, the entry of an odd adult (a wizard) asking the child to play, and a mechanical robot.

Part 2

1.The terms “growth” and “development” are synonymous.

Group of answer choices

True

False

2.John B. Watson’s theory emphasizes libidinal energy and erogenous zones.

Group of answer choices

True

False

3.Theories are related statements about events.

Group of answer choices

True

False

4.Freud felt insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.

Group of answer choices

True

False

5.According to Erikson, successful resolution of early life crises sets the stage for positive resolution of later crises.

Group of answer choices

True

False

6.The first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust.

Group of answer choices

True

False

7.The study of the influence of genes on development is the study of nature (heredity) as opposed to nurture(environment).

Group of answer choices

True

False

8.Theorists who believe that a number of rapid, successive changes bring about development adhere to the belief thatdevelopment is continuous

Group of answer choices

True

False

9.The first step in the scientific method is testing the hypothesis.

Group of answer choices

True

False

10.In developmental psychology, how do we define “child?”

Group of answer choices

A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty

A person undergoing development during the first three years of life

Any human being, as defined by each individual and culture

The period of development prior to the development of complex speech

11.The term “infancy” is derived from Latin roots meaning

Group of answer choices

not speaking.

not walking.

not eating solid foods.

a child younger than age 3.

12.In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were

Group of answer choices

nurtured until they reached the “age of reason.”

perceived as innately good.

considered blank slates.

protected by laws from harsh treatment.

13.Which thinker suggested that children are born a “tabula rasa?”

Group of answer choices

John Locke

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Alfred Binet

Sigmund Freud

14.Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?

Group of answer choices

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

John Locke

Alfred Binet

Sigmund Freud

15.Just four years after Watson proposed his behavioralist viewsthatideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by theenvironment, Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development?

Group of answer choices

Biological maturation is the main principle of development.

Children are inherently evil.

Children are inherently good.

Environment is the main principle of development.

16.What is one characteristic of a useful theory?

Group of answer choices

They allow us to make predictions.

They allow us to eliminate conflicting ideas.

They are broad enough to be true for all humans.

They enable laypersons to codify behavior.

17.In developmental psychology, how do we define “child?”

Group of answer choices

A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty

A person undergoing development during the first three years of life

Any human being, as defined by each individual and culture

The period of development prior to the development of complex speech

18.Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as the

Group of answer choices

years from 6 to 12.

blank slate period.

years from 6 to 9.

time of greatest gains in height and weight.

19.Sydney is 3 years old. Her height and weight are determined by

Group of answer choices

the combined influence of factors such as genetics and nutrition.

biological factors only, such as genetics.

external factors only, such as nutrition and parenting style.

her level of cognitive and socioemotional development.

20.According to your textbook, the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children’s social and intellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development?

Group of answer choices

Optimizing conditions of development

Gaining insight into human nature

Gaining insight into sex differences and gender roles

Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problems

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Question 211 pts

Charles Darwin is best known as the

Group of answer choices

originator of the theory of evolution.

creator of the theory known as behaviorism.

founder of child development as an academic discipline.

developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study.

22.In his research, Piaget became fascinated by the wrong answers children gave to items on intelligence tests. These wrong answers reflected

Group of answer choices

consistent but illogical processes.

inconsistent but logical mental processes.

consistent but logical processes.

inconsistent but illogical processes.

23.Piaget saw children as

Group of answer choices

budding scientists.

ignorant blank slates.

at the mercy of instinctive impulses.

passive vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge.

24.According to Piaget, which of the following represents a scheme for infants?

Group of answer choices

Things I can grab

Things I can test

Things I can think about

Things I can classify

25.Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development best represent

Group of answer choices

Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development best represent

quantitative changes.

both qualitative and quantitative changes.

neither qualitative nor quantitative changes.

26.A conditioned stimulus is one that occurs without prior learning.

Group of answer choices

True

False

27.Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed.

Group of answer choices

True

False

28.According to the textbook, the development of language is due entirely to biology (nature).

Group of answer choices

True

False

29.Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget were both stage theorists.

Group of answer choices

True

False

30.Dillon is in the period known as “early” childhood. His membership in this group is determined by his

Group of answer choices

age

ability to communicate with others.

level of social skill.

height and weight.

31.What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20th century?

Group of answer choices

Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abuse

Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7

Convicting children of crimes, sending them to monasteries, and marrying them without their consent

Viewing children as the property of their parents

32.Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?

Group of answer choices

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

John Locke

Alfred Binet

Sigmund Freud

33.Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the“contents of children’s minds?”

Group of answer choices

G. Stanley Hall

John Watson

Jean Piaget

John Locke

34.Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?

Group of answer choices

Freud

Horney

Darwin

Jung

35.According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict takes place between the child and

Group of answer choices

the external world.

their internal forces.

his/her superego.

the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development.

36.According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious?

Group of answer choices

Id

Ego

Superego

Superid

37.Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a(n)

Group of answer choices

iceberg.

volcano.

submarine.

reflection.

38.According to Freud, where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside?

Group of answer choices

Unconscious

Preconscious

Conscious

Archetype

39.According to Freud, the psychic structure called ego

Group of answer choices

helps the id get gratified in a socially appropriate way.

is driven by a quest for pleasure.

is our moral base that forces us to follow rules.

is biologically based and present at birth.

40.The superego

Group of answer choices

represents the norms and morals of caregivers and society.

is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.

develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges.

reflects the unique thought processes of the individual

41.Is there research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oral fixations such as nail biting or smoking?

Group of answer choices

No, there is no research evidence to support the claim.

Yes, this has largely been validated.

Yes, for men, but not for women.

No; instead, the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness.

42.According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development.

Group of answer choices

According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development.

fixated

anal

latency

43.A person who is ____ would be labeled “anal-expulsive.”

Group of answer choices

careless and sloppy

overly dependent

very gullible or easily fooled

orderly and neat

44.Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

Group of answer choices

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital

Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital

Phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital

45.Erikson’s psychosocial theory deviates from Freud’s psychosexual theory in that Erikson

Group of answer choices

emphasized social relationships and physical maturation.

emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts.

extended Freud’s five stages to 10 stages.

noted that personality development actually begins before birth.

46.Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon

Group of answer choices

life crises.

chronological age.

psychosexual crises.

unhealthy patterns of parenting.

47.Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning that her basic needs will be taken care of by her caregivers and herenvironment. According to Erikson’s theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?

Group of answer choices

Trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Initiative vs. guilt

Industry vs. inferiority

48.What is the second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson?

Group of answer choices

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Trust vs. mistrust

Initiative vs. guilt

Industry vs. inferiority

49.According to Erikson, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6?

Group of answer choices

Initiative vs. guilt

Trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Industry vs. inferiority

50.Which stage in Erikson’s theory involves the development of independence?

Group of answer choices

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Trust vs. mistrust

Initiative vs. guilt

Industry vs. inferiority

51.Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?

Group of answer choices

Skinner

Freud

Watson

Piaget

52.With negative reinforcement,

Group of answer choices

you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.

you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.

you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired.

negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

53.Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside. Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room, he gets to ride his bikefor an extra 15 minutes that day. The additional bike-riding time

Group of answer choices

is a positive reinforcer.

is a negative reinforcer.

is a punishment.

is an unconditioned response.

54.Which of the following is an example of “time out from positive reinforcement”?

Group of answer choices

Placing the child away from peers for a time with no rewards

Placing the child in a time out seat at the front of the classroom

Punishing the child by making him write sentences on the board

Refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework

55.Albert Bandura would agree with which statement?

Group of answer choices

A child can learn how to use crayons by watching others use crayons.

The bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting is a social-cognitive approach.

Children react mechanically to stimuli.

People are driven by motives such as sex and aggression.