Police brutality

Some examples of police violence which could use reform in retrospect would include the deaths of Oscar Grant, in 2009 in Oakland, Alfred Olango in 2016 in San Diego, and George Floyd in 2020 in Minneapolis. All three of these incidents stemmed from a lack of de-escalation training. None of the behaviors of these officers were constitutional in nature, and all three of these individuals lost their lives with absolutely no due process. What is particularly curious about each of these three cases is that they each involved not only one police officer with shockingly rogue behavior and response technique, but additionally multiple officers either standing by or assisting the main perpetrating officer. In the case of Oscar Grant, which occurred during the early morning hours of New Years Day in 2009 in Oakland, 22-year-old Grant was fatally shot by one officer while another one held him down. This event was captured in pieces on many different cell phones and handheld devices, and the situation led to communal anger and riots in the streets. Even after all was said and done, the officer accused of shooting Grant was at the end of the day only found guilty of involuntary manslaughter. In the shooting of Alfred Olango, which occurred on September 27, 2016 in El Cajon, two officers mistook a 38-year-old, mentally-disabled man wielding a vape pen in the air as if it were a gun as a community threat and fatally shot him. Neither officers were charged, even though this could be classified as severe negligence on the part of law enforcement. This event was also captured on handheld devices and phones, resulting in a few usable pieces of video footage. Finally, in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020, as 46-year-old George Floyd was being approached outside of a convenience store by two officers after making a purchase inside, and then as they were joined by two more officers, one of the officers proceeded to put Floyd on the ground and then kneel into his neck for a total of eight entire minutes as he wheezed and begged for mercy, and the other three stood by. In a sinister unfolding of events, the officers standing by focused on crowd control rather than preventing the perpetrating officer’s eight-minute attack. This entire endeavor was captured on video by several disturbed passersby as well.

In each of these incidents, it seems like there could have been more done to prevent police brutality. There could have been more done in the moment, and there could have been more done in the days, weeks, months and years leading up to the events. Each one of these key incidents, which are just three of many others, have factors that are “helping”—the video footage captured by observers, the reactions that follow the events and the attention they receive, and the charges that are in fact brought onto the perpetrating officers, but they are never enough. Just simply charging an officer with some type of second-degree murder or involuntary manslaughter after the fact has not proven to serve justice or solve the problem. This continuing problem in American society calls for reform, reorganization, and re-prioritization in law enforcement. There cannot constantly be excuses for citizens to die at the hands of police.

https://www.businessinsider.com/research-based-methods-of-reducing-police-violence-2020-6

https://www.justice.gov/archive/crs/pubs/principlesofgoodpolicingfinal092003.htm

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/police-violence-calls-for-measures-beyond-de-escalation-training1/

(Oscar Grant)

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/146/3/e2020009639.full.pdf

(George Floyd)

https://www.vibe.com/2016/09/police-fatally-shoot-disabled-black-man-in-el-cajon

(Alfred Olango)

https://www.manhattan-institute.org/responds-five-ideas-sensible-approach-police-reform

Continue on the above essay with the following information with at least 2 pages.

Create an Outline and place where the links of articles, cases, and source will used.

Proposed policing strategy (15 points): Students must identify a specific policing strategy (e.g., directed patrols, zero tolerance policing, predictive policing, safety checks, strategic partnership with community organization) and explain how the strategy is designed to address the identified problem.

Explanation and Measurement of Effectiveness (30 points): Consistent with evidence-based policing, students must (i) identify research (i.e., peer-reviewed research articles or successful case studies) that support the likelihood of success of the proposed policing strategy, and (ii) describe how the effectiveness of the strategy will be measured and evaluated.

Constitutional/Community Relations Issues (10 points): Students must (i) anticipate any constitutional/community relations issues that might arise from implementation of the proposed strategy, and (ii) explain how those concerns will be addressed.