Read the following articles: Armstrong, K., Ravenell, K. L., McMurphy, S., & Putt, M. (2007). Racial/ethnic differences in physician distrust in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 97(7), 1283–1289. Read Gamble, V. N. (1997). Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. American Journal of Public:Health, 87(11), 1773–1778.

1 Issues around historical disparities in health care and what can be done to improve the situation. Read and used Chapters 10 “Women and Medicine page 390-412 and Chapter 11 “African Americans and Medicine page 416-435 of your Intervention and Reflection text book Basic Issues in Bioethics (Concise Ed). Boston, MA: Wadsworth by Munson, R., 2014. The text focus on ethical questions related to health care for women and African Americans, and some ways in which the health care industry has overlooked their needs. As case presentation “Bad Blood, Bad Faith: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment” (in pages 417–420 from Chapter 11) makes clear, there have even been times when the industry exploited and mistreated African Americans. Select an issue or problem that you found particularly interesting, Illuminating, or troubling.

• Say something about what this issue tells us about health care as an institution and industry in the United States.
• What can be done to improve things in regard to the issue you’ve selected?
• Which moral theories, ethical principles, or both are most relevant to understanding the problems involved and addressing them?

2. Ethical Issues about Access to Health Care – Use your Intervention and Reflection text to read Chapter 9, “Distributing Health Care,” on pages 366–386. This chapter covers a range of controversies about how, where, and to whom health care should be available. Read the article that discusses arguments for and against the proposal that health care is something a government should provide to all its residents.

Procon.org (Ed.). (2018). Right to health care. In ProCon. Santa Monica, CA: ProCon.

As you know, health care is very expensive. Most Americans who have health insurance obtain it through their employer as a benefit. But not everyone is so fortunate, and of course some employer-provided plans offer far less than others. Even after passage of the Affordable Care Act, some people lack effective coverage, and many Americans have huge medical debt. As you read through Chapter 9 in your textbook Intervention and Reflection text Basic Issues in Bioethics (Concise Ed). Boston, MA: Wadsworth by Munson, R., 2014.and reflect on the issue of access to care, reflect on these questions and answer one or more of them as a basis for this question. In your answer, include thoughts about which moral theory or ethical principle best supports your view.

• What do you think is the best solution to solving the problem of getting more people access to health care?
• What sorts of personal or professional experiences have you encountered with this topic? Or is there a story you’ve heard about, through friends, relatives, or in the news, that strikes you as representative of the problem of access?
• Do you think that health care is something to which we have a right? We feel pretty comfortable with the idea people have a right to some level of education. But few of us would probably say a person has a right to a car, or to have a computer provided them. Is health care more like an education or more like a car and other consumer goods?