1. When nine young black men in Scottsboro, Alabama, were arrested on trumped-up rape charges in 1931, they were saved from the electric chair by a team of lawyers sent by

   	A.	the Democratic Party.
   	B.	the Republican Party.
   	C.	the League of Women Voters.
   	D.	the Communist Party.

2 points

Question 2

1. The introduction of radio in the United States allowed

   	A.	Americans to hear political candidates speak without having to leave their homes.
   	B.	advertisers to reach prospective customers in the intimacy of their own homes.
   	C.	average Americans to enjoy music, news, soap operas, sports, comedy, and sermons in the privacy of their homes.
   	D.	All of the above

2 points

Question 3

1. Birth control advocate Margaret Sanger shifted her strategy in the 1920s by

   	A.	popularizing ideas about free love.
   	B.	advocating birth control for men.
   	C.	educating “new women” on practicing abstinence.
   	D.	linking birth control with the eugenics movement.

2 points

Question 4

1. The outpouring of African American literature and art in New York City in the 1920s was

   	A.	replicated in cities across the nation.
   	B.	known as the Harlem Renaissance.
   	C.	known as the Negro Revival.
   	D.	a sign that U.S. society was ready to support black artists.

2 points

Question 5

1. The immigration laws of the 1920s, including the Johnson-Reid Act,

   	A.	marked the beginning of an era of strict limits on immigration.
   	B.	overturned the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
   	C.	opened the nation’s borders to an unprecedented influx of new immigrants.
   	D.	closed off immigration to the United States from other areas of the Western Hemisphere.

2 points

Question 6

1. In 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to

   	A.	fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean.
   	B.	swim the English Channel.
   	C.	drive an automobile across the United States in less than a week.
   	D.	go over Niagara Falls in a barrel.

2 points

Question 7

1. When Herbert Hoover moved into the White House in 1929, the U.S. economy was marked by

   	A.	a reluctance among consumers to buy on credit.
   	B.	a huge disparity in wealth between rich and poor.
   	C.	a narrowing of the gap between rich and poor.
   	D.	low tariffs and a strong balance of trade with foreign nations.

2 points

Question 8

1. In the 1920s, fashionable whites crowded into Harlem nightclubs to listen to

   	A.	rock and roll music.
   	B.	jazz music.
   	C.	gospel music.
   	D.	country music.

2 points

Question 9

1. President Harding’s most ambitious foreign policy initiative was

   	A.	persuading England and France to forgive the postwar reparations they wanted Germany to pay.
   	B.	concluding peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary that gave the United States greater supervision over those nations’ affairs.
   	C.	establishing a balance of naval power with Britain, France, Japan, and Italy.
   	D.	getting Congress to authorize a payment of $25 million to Mexico as compensation for the loss of its territory.

2 points

Question 10

1. One of the main purposes of the New Deal in the 1930s was to

   		bring socialism to the U.S. through the nationalization of the petroleum industry
   		rebuild the U.S. economy through the expansion of military forces
   		strengthen business by preventing labor unions from organizing
   		repair the financial system by regulating banking and the stock market

2 points

Question 11

1. During the 1920s, presidential administrations in the U.S.

   		promoted business interests and resisted progressive activism
   		took the side of rural Christians against urban intellectuals
   		represented the continued dominance of the Democratic Party in politics
   		supported continued immigration from Europe as a necessary part of the labor force

2 points

Question 12

1. Fascist political movements throughout the world in the 1930s supported the ideas of

   		democracy, liberty, and equality for all
   		scientific racism and imperial expansion
   		communist government programs such as the New Deal
   		John L. Lewis and the Congress of Industrial Organizations

2 points

Question 13

1. The economic performance of the United States in the Second World War

   		proved that socialism could generate strong economic growth
   		gave some support to the libertarian and pacifist arguments of Herbert Hoover
   		gave some support to the arguments of economist John Maynard Keynes
   		showed that even wartime spending could not pull the nation out of the Depression

2 points

Question 14

1. The devastating dust storms that afflicted the Great Plains in the 1930s

   		resulted from a combination of natural forces and human economic decisions
   		resulted from the trench warfare of the Great War
   		generated little notice or attention outside the states of Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma
   		seriously hampered the University of Oklahoma football team’s chances of winning the BCS championship in 1935

2 points

Question 15

1. Zora Neale Hurston and Duke Ellington were important participants in

   		Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association
   		the Progressive Party
   		the Harlem Renaissance
   		the 100 percent Americanism movement

2 points

Question 16

1. The relationship of the United States toward Latin America in the early twentieth century can best be described as

   		mutual isolationism and avoidance
   		an invasion of the U.S. by millions of undocumented aliens from Mexico
   		economic power supported by military force
   		an application of the Monroe Doctrine against French colonialism

2 points

Question 17

1. The IWW’s “capitalist pyramid” demonstrates the Wobblies’ belief that

   		religious organizations were the only allies the working classes had in their revolution against capitalist might
   		the U.S. military helped socialists infiltrate and undermine fundamental American institutions
   		immigrant labor had to be assimilated if the United States was going to maintain its ethnic and racial purity
   		powerful political, business, and military forces stole the wealth created by the working classes

2 points

Question 18

1. In 1900, America’s foreign policy was paradoxical because

   	A.	the State Department contained both isolationists and expansionists.
   	B.	the country wanted to keep the Western Hemisphere closed to outside influences yet also desired access to Asia.
   	C.	the military wanted both to restrict the nation’s growth and to acquire foreign colonies.
   	D.	isolationists wanted the United States to stay out of all foreign affairs except those of Africa.

2 points

Question 19

1. The Platt Amendment in the 1898 Cuban constitution

   	A.	gave Cuba total independence.
   	B.	restricted Cuba’s independence and gave the United States the power to oversee Cuban debt.
   	C.	established a two-party system in Cuba.
   	D.	made it Cuba’s responsibility to establish a democracy and clean up the island.

2 points

Question 20

1. Control of the Philippines was not easily won by the United States because

   	A.	a majority of people in the United States at the time were against imperialism.
   	B.	U.S. business interests saw no reason to develop markets in that part of the world.
   	C.	Filipino revolutionaries fought against the United States for seven years.
   	D.	Congress did not want any part of it.

2 points

Question 21

1. America’s stake in the Spanish-American War included

   	A.	Cuban independence from Spain, American trade with Cuba, and Asian expansion.
   	B.	potential naval bases in Cuba and the Philippines.
   	C.	an area of Florida claimed by both Spain and the United States as well as American business interests in Venezuela.
   	D.	the area in which the United States hoped to build the Panama Canal.

2 points

Question 22

1. President Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” in the Caribbean

   	A.	was an attempt to increase U.S. influence in the region by hiring nationals and paying them in U.S. dollars.
   	B.	offered Caribbean nations a favorable rate of exchange.
   	C.	differed little from President Roosevelt’s policies in the region.
   	D.	set commercial rather than strategic goals.

2 points

Question 23

1. Enacted in response to a U.S. labor revolution in 1934, the National Labor Relations Act, or Wagner Act,

   	A.	gave the president the right to settle labor disputes.
   	B.	gave workers the right to strike.
   	C.	guaranteed workers a minimum wage.
   	D.	guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize unions.

2 points

Question 24

1. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

   	A.	was one of Herbert Hoover’s most effective responses to bank failures.
   	B.	closed the nation’s banks until they were solvent again.
   	C.	guaranteed bank customers that the federal government would reimburse them for deposits if their banks failed.
   	D.	initially covered deposits of $100,000 or more.

2 points

Question 25

1. The last major piece of New Deal labor legislation, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,

   	A.	improved the working conditions of domestic and farmworkers.
   	B.	was often called the Time and Money Act.
   	C.	provided jobs for all able-bodied workers.
   	D.	set standards for wages and hours.

2 points

Question 26

1. In 1937, disgruntled workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan,

   	A.	staged a “sit-down” strike.
   	B.	resorted to violence against the plant’s property.
   	C.	used passive resistance in their protest.
   	D.	staged a walkout.

2 points

Question 27

1. In 1936, the Supreme Court supported agricultural processors and distributors when it ruled against the

   	A.	Federal Emergency Relief Act.
   	B.	Farm Credit Bureau.
   	C.	Agricultural Adjustment Act.
   	D.	Social Security Act.

2 points

Question 28

1. By the end of 1938, opposition to the New Deal had increased, as evidenced by

   	A.	congressional elections in which Republicans made gains in the House and Senate.
   	B.	the huge turnover in President Roosevelt’s cabinet.
   	C.	congressional elections in which black voters went back to the Republican Party.
   	D.	public apathy for new social programs.

2 points

Question 29

1. To escape the chronic drought of the Dust Bowl, migrant workers typically looked for work in

   	A.	Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas.
   	B.	Michigan.
   	C.	New England.
   	D.	California.

2 points

Question 30

1. The woman who became the New Deal’s unofficial ambassador was

   	A.	Eleanor Roosevelt.
   	B.	Jane Addams.
   	C.	Mary McLeod Bethune.
   	D.	Frances Perkins.

2 points

Question 31

1. Although government allotments under the Agricultural Adjustment Act greatly benefited some farmers, the program did not address the needs of

   	A.	fruit growers.
   	B.	ranchers.
   	C.	tenant farmers and sharecroppers.
   	D.	cotton plantation owners.

2 points

Question 32

1. In the election of 1932,

   	A.	the Socialist and Communist party candidates made a huge showing.
   	B.	a majority of African Americans voted Democratic for the first time.
   	C.	Franklin Delano Roosevelt won a bare majority of the popular vote.
   	D.	Franklin Delano Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote, and Democrats swept both houses of Congress.

2 points

Question 33

1. Before Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, he had

   	A.	been a southern governor.
   	B.	been a member of Congress.
   	C.	little or no foreign policy experience.
   	D.	been an expert on foreign policy and had taught at Yale University.

2 points

Question 34

1. By late 1917, progressives and prohibitionists had successfully

   	A.	limited the supply of alcohol, making it easier to control its distribution.
   	B.	lobbied for prohibition in half of the nation’s states.
   	C.	prevented the sale of liquor near army camps.
   	D.	lobbied Congress for passage of the Eighteenth Amendment.

2 points

Question 35

1. In Schenck v. United States (1919), the U.S. Supreme Court

   	A.	ruled that Charles Schenck’s actions posed a “clear and present danger” to the nation in the time of war.
   	B.	upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for threatening to assassinate the president.
   	C.	struck down federal restrictions on free speech that had been imposed during the war.
   	D.	overturned Charles Schenck’s conviction for urging resistance to the draft.

2 points

Question 36

1. The Committee on Public Information was created by President Wilson to

   	A.	silence the antiwar film industry.
   	B.	ban novels written by German authors.
   	C.	protect war critics like Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch.
   	D.	stir up patriotism through posters, pamphlets, cartoons, and press releases.

2 points

Question 37

1. The immediate cause of President Wilson’s decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in 1917 was

   	A.	the discovery of German submarines off the Atlantic coast.
   	B.	the Zimmermann telegram.
   	C.	German submarine attacks on American vessels in the sea lanes to Great Britain.
   	D.	pressure from Theodore Roosevelt and other interventionists.

2 points

Question 38

1. The Germans were outraged by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles because

   	A.	they believed they had not really lost the war.
   	B.	they had agreed to an armistice based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
   	C.	they were not willing to disarm or pay reparations.
   	D.	their colonies in Asia were assigned to Japan.

2 points

Question 39

1. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for

   	A.	strict punishment of the German nation.
   	B.	the United Nations to begin meeting immediately.
   	C.	free trade and the right of European peoples to self-determination.
   	D.	a return to the prewar status quo.

2 points

Question 40

1. President Wilson’s most serious involvement in Latin America occurred when he

   	A.	intervened in Mexico’s affairs.
   	B.	backed General Victoriano Huerta’s violent takeover in Mexico.
   	C.	sent troops to the region after the outbreak of World War I.
   	D.	pulled troops out of the Dominican Republic.

2 points

Question 41

1. To ensure the loyalty of an immigrant nation to the cause of war, President Wilson

   	A.	enforced meatless and wheatless weekends so that Americans would understand how Europeans were suffering.
   	B.	made all Americans wear armbands.
   	C.	launched a campaign to foster patriotism.
   	D.	demanded that public schools add recent world events to their curriculum.

2 points

Question 42

1. During World War II, segregated camps, barracks, and units were reserved for

   	A.	Japanese Americans and African Americans.
   	B.	Japanese Americans.
   	C.	African Americans.
   	D.	Hispanics and African Americans.

2 points

Question 43

1. An immediate consequence of the Nazi-Soviet treaty of nonaggression in August 1939 was

   	A.	confirmation of the effectiveness of appeasement.
   	B.	a U.S. declaration of war against Germany.
   	C.	Hitler’s invasion of Poland.
   	D.	the end of Hitler’s aggression in Europe.

2 points

Question 44

1. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 was calculated to

   	A.	make armaments available to Britain.
   	B.	make armaments available to Canada.
   	C.	loan Latin American countries large sums of money in return for U.S. army bases in trouble spots in the Western Hemisphere.
   	D.	loan France huge sums of money in return for U.S. naval bases in areas controlled by the French.

2 points

Question 45

1. The Neutrality Act of 1937

   	A.	prevented the United States from becoming more deeply involved in European affairs.
   	B.	encouraged the aggression of German, Italian, and Japanese militarists.
   	C.	put a stop to German and Japanese aggression in Europe and the Pacific.
   	D.	ended the Great Depression.