Natural law theory bases morality on human reason and human nature. That is, we can look to the elements of nature, including human behavior, to help guide our ethical decisions. However, philosophers interpret what is “natural” differently. Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau held that humans are naturally compassionate and altruistic. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes regarded humans as wholly self-interested and suspicious of one another. Philosopher John Locke believed the mind is a tabula rasa—a blank slate—at birth, and that there is no universal agreement regarding principles perceived as innate. Human rights are primarily based on natural law. Most of us believe we have a right to be free, treated humanely, and respected as human beings; however, people do disagree on what rights natural law accords us.

Alternately, the social contract theory is based on the notion that a voluntary, unanimous agreement exists among a society’s members to obey governmental laws formed by those they collectively select. It is not a formal contract, but a moral code that enables us to each pursue our own self-interests, understanding that others feel permission to do the same. Ideally, this will serve to create a peaceful society. The principle of equality considers the concepts of justice, social benefits and harms, and real versus perceived differences between people.

Discussion Question

Prepare for this discussion by completing your readings and viewings. Then respond to the following:

• Media sometimes serves to solidify or undermine our understanding of the social contract in terms of race, class or social equality. Current topics of racial profiling, police brutality, and other issues of social inequality often appear in media. Are philosophers Carole Pateman and Charles Mills correct that the social contract is not inclusive of all people in our society? How do your views correlate with the philosophy of Rousseau, Hobbes or Locke?
• Please share a specific example to a political cartoon that best illustrates your ethical approach. Please post an image of your cartoon so everyone can read it.