SIMPLE EXAMPLE: A company must decide whether to invest $100 million in developing and implementing a new enterprise system in the face of considerable technological and market (demand for product and market share) uncertainty. The firm’s cost of capital is 10%.

1. Evaluate Using Conventional NPV Analysis

There can be a good and bad result for this investment.

Good Result: A good result has a probability of .5 of occurring. Here the planned cost reductions have been realized and better integration of the supply chain is possible. These benefits are reinforced by strong market demand for the firm’s product. There have also been feedback benefits, the enterprise systems has significantly improved perceived quality and service from the customer’s point of view. Annual benefits under this scenario equal $15 million in after tax cash flow per year.

Bad Result: The system proves to be more difficult to implement and improvements in management of the supply chain are less. In addition, the growth in market demand for the product is lower. Annual benefits under this scenario are $2 million in after tax cash flow per year.

Using traditional “all or nothing” NPV analysis, calculate the expected NPV of the project:

Given: Year 0 (now) cash flows: $-100 million for ERP purchase and implementation

See the diagram below:

NPV Diagram

2. Real Options Approach (all cash flows are after tax)

Now, evaluate the investment using managerial flexibility and a real options approach.

The real options alternative allows for flexibility and the delay of the investment for 1 year. In this case, if we do a pilot project we will be better able to evaluate ERP implementation complexities, achievable supply chain benefits, and the market share our products will achieve. However, the cost of the project will rise to $110 Million ($10 Million this year and $100 Million next year) with the one-year delay and additionally management decides to purchase and implement the financial module in year 1 at a cost of $10 Million (real option).

The results are slightly different:

Year 0 (now) cash flows: $10 million for the pilot project, the financial module

After year 1, if the conditions indicate a good result, the firm will invest the $100 million for the ERP with expected benefits (cash flows) of $15 million annually (forever) beginning in year 2. Benefits in year one from the financial module are $1 million.

If a bad result is indicated, the firm makes no further investments beyond the financial module, which yield annual benefits of $.5 million in year 1 and each year thereafter (forever).

Here the firm has flexibility and has exercised its option to make no further investments based on better information and knowledge of expected future benefits.

Evaluate the expected NPV of this project using the described real option. Compare the expected NPV using the traditional NPV approach with the expected NPV using real options. What do you conclude in each case?

See the diagram below:

Real Option

Check your answer with a suggested solution posted in this module.

You are to use the above to answer the questions that will be posted below.